Osmosis Definition in Chemistry and Biology

Two important mass transport processes in chemistry and biology are diffusion and osmosis. Osmosis Definition Osmosis is the process where solvent molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated solution (which becomes more dilute). In most cases, the solvent is water. However, the solvent may be another liquid or even a gas. Osmosis can be made to do work. History The phenomenon of osmosis was first documents in 1748 by Jean-Antoine Nollet. The term osmosis was coined by French physician  Renà © Joachim Henri Dutrochet, who derived it from the terms endosmose and exosmose. How Osmosis Works Osmosis acts to equalize concentration on both sides of a membrane. Since the solute particles are incapable of crossing the membrane, its the water (or other solvent) that needs to move. The closer the system gets to equilibrium, the more stable it becomes, so osmosis is thermodynamically favorable. Example of Osmosis A good example of osmosis is seen when red blood cells are placed into fresh water. The cell membrane of the red blood cells is a semipermeable membrane. The concentration of ions and other solute molecules is higher inside the cell than outside it, so water moves into the cell via osmosis. This causes the cells to swell. Since the concentration cannot reach equilibrium, the amount of water that can move into the cell is moderated by the pressure of the cell membrane acting on the contents of the cell. Often, the cell takes in more water than the membrane can sustain, causing the cell to burst. A related term is osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is the external pressure that would need to be applied such that there would be no net movement of solvent across a membrane.

Problems Facing Iraq At The Time - 1922 Words

James Alexandro Aranda Dr. Peter G. Doas 2302-09L 19 October 2015 What Went Wrong in Iraq: Discussion 1. Problems Facing Iraq As described by Diamond, one of the major problems facing Iraq at the time was the lack of a national security. After the war, the state of Iraq had collapsed along with social order. The national security was weakened, making the people in Iraq feel unsafe. The lack of national security is very harmful to a country, especially in terms of economics growth. When the people do not feel safe, they do not feel compelled to spend or invest much. He describes that social capital, such as trust and cooperation, was missing from the Iraqi people which left the economy stagnant. The lack of national security also caused many rebel groups to rise which caused even more problems. When there is a lack of order in the government, such as with the occupying CPA, many people turn to other groups for protection or hope. The CPA did not have adequate resources to protect the national security. Even though they had a police force, they were poorly trained and poorly equipped—lacking cars radios and the other things which we consider essential equipment to any police force. The CPA did not hold a monopoly on the power in Iraq which allowed other groups to rise and gain political and military power. These groups easily targeted the police force as they became the victims of terrorist attacks. Among these terrorist groups was one led by a man maned Muqtada al-Sadr. ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Global Security And Human Security1544 Words   |  7 Pagesand chaos began to be internationalized. And the human security, such as human rights, poverty, and the environment, has received attention gradually by the public. There are many issues that have affected the global security in recent decades. The Iraq war began in 2003, and it estimated that more than one hundred thousand civilians died during the war. 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Kurds are possibly on of the largest ethnic groups in the world that do not own a country of their own. They are the largest minorities in Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Syria (Murray p.31). It has been a challenge due to the radical ideologies of the neighboring countries toward an independent Kurdish state since they always translated that step as a threat to the repeating of the scenario to theRead More war in iraq1122 Words   |  5 Pagesfor the failed Iraq war. Congress is gearing up to pour more money to quot;stay the coursequot; of the past two tragic years. Tell your Member of Congress that not one more dime s hould go to waging war in Iraq. Instead, the U.S. must end the occupation, bring our troops home, and support Iraqi sovereignty. Many good-intentioned people in the United States say we cant withdraw our troops now and abandon Iraqis to chaos and disorder. 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Throughout 2006, the U.S. public, pundits and military planners debated the way forward in Iraq. The plan that emerged from this period, known as the surge, successfully overcame the deficiencies in the initial planning and execution of the war by reframing the conflictRead MoreProblems Faced by Soldiers Returning from War1332 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Problems Facing Soldiers Returning from War Soldiers returning home from war face a number of problems as they try to reintegrate into civilian society. They are transitioning from high-stress environments that have required a high-level of very specialized skills that do not necessarily translate into civilian life. These problems run a wide gamut, ranging from health problems, unemployment, family issues, legal problems, financial problems, homelessness, and behavioral issues (Prudential,Read MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1737 Words   |  7 PagesAfterlife of War Tim O’Brien’s â€Å"The Things They Carried† is based on what soldiers went through facing war, and what they carried physically as well as emotionally. All of this pressure from war can cause and has caused post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the soldiers. â€Å"PTSD is the development of a set of symptoms in the aftermath of psychologically distressing event—an event â€Å"outside the range of normal human experience.†Ã¢â‚¬  (Roberts 3). PTSD is a disorder that can happen to anyone, but manyRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1586 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction We are living in a world where there are so many global threats around us. World is not like heaven. We need to face many problems in our life. We have some global risk also. This year has been a notably rough year. Some of the worst threats make our people more worried. Many researchers and writers are writing about the biggest threats of the world. Several reports are also made to understand the recent global threats. In order to write something about the recentRead MoreEssay about Assessment of the War in Iraq1621 Words   |  7 Pagesweapons inspectors into the country served as a kind of deterrent to other countries considering attacking Iraq. Given the stated goals of removing Iraq of these terrible weapons that could be used to harm the US, it seems reasonable to believe that this could have been easily accomplished by simply containing Iraq so that those weapons would not pass into terrorists’ hands. It was the US this time that used fear to drive its policy objectives by painting Saddam as hungry to use any weapons to attack

Child Abuse The Hidden Tragedy Free Essays

Child abuse is the physical or emotional abuse of a child by a parent, guardian, or other person. Reports of child abuse, including sexual abuse, beating, and murder, have jumped in the United States and some authorities believe that the number of cases is largely under reported. Child neglect is also included in legal definitions of child abuse to cover instances of malnutrition, desertion, and inadequate care of a child’s safety. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Abuse: The Hidden Tragedy or any similar topic only for you Order Now When reported, inadequate foster care services and a legal system that has trouble accommodating the suggestible nature of children, who are often developmentally unable to distinguish fact from make-believe, complicate child abuse cases During the years of 1985 and 1996, there was a 50 percent increase in reported cases of child abuse. In 1996, three million cases of child abuse are reported in the United States each year. Also that same year some twelve hundred children died from abuse across the country. Treatment of the abuser has had only limited success and child protection agencies are overwhelmed. Recently, efforts have begun to focus on the primary prevention of child abuse. Primary prevention of child abuse must be equipped on many levels before it can be successful. Prevention, on the social level is very important and could possibly save a life. According the American Humane Association prevention should include widening the financial self-sufficiency of families, discouraging corporal punishment and other ways of violence. Making health care more available and affordable, increasing and developing coordination of social services, evolving the identification and treatment of psychological problems, and alcohol and drug abuse, providing more affordable child care and preventing the birth of unwanted children. Prevention plans on the family level include helping parents meet their basic needs, identifying problems of substance abuse and spouse abuse, and educating parents about child behavior, discipline, safety and development. In the case of child abuse, primary prevention is defined as any intervention designed for the purpose of preventing child abuse before it occurs. In 1993, three million children in the United States were reported to have been abused. Thirty-five percent of these cases of child abuse were confirmed. Data from various reporting sources indicates that improved reporting could lead to a significant increase in the number of cases of child abuse verified by child protection agencies. The lack of verification does not indicate that abuse did not occur, only that it could not be verified. The facts are that each year 160,000 children suffer severe or life-threatening injury and 1,000 to 2,000 children die as a result of abuse. Of these deaths, 80 percent involve children younger than five years of age, and 40 percent involve children younger than one year of age. One out of every 20-murder victim is a child. Murder is the fourth leading cause of death in children from one to four years of age and the third leading cause of death in children from five to fourteen years of age. Deaths from abuse are under reported and some deaths classified as the result of accident and sudden infant death syndrome might be reclassified as the result of child abuse if comprehensive investigations were more routinely done. Most child abuse takes place in the home and is started by persons are know to and trusted by the child. Even though it has been widely publicized, abuse in day-care and foster-care setting accounts for only a small number of confirmed cases of child abuse. In 1996, only two percent of all confirmed cases of child abuse occurred in these settings. Child abuses if fifteen times more likely to occur in families where spousal abuse occurs. Children are three times more likely to be abused by their fathers than by their mothers. No differences have been found in the incidence of child abuse in rural versus urban areas. Following are the types of abuse and the percentages of the different types. Not only do children suffer from the physical and mental cruelty of child abuse; they endure many long-term consequences, including delays in reaching developmental milestones, refusal to attend school and separation anxiety disorders. Further; consequences include an increased likelihood of future narcotic abuse, combative behavior, high-risk health behaviors, illegal activity, personality disorders. Investigations have shown that a affectionate, loving, tender and caring enjoyable environments during the first three years of a child’s life is significant for correct intellectual growth. There have been some recent changes in regards to the causes of child abuse. The results of investigation originated by the National Research Council’s Panel on Research on Child Abuse and Neglect showed the first important step away from the simple cause and effect patterns. The panel established that the simple reason and effect patterns have certain limitations, mostly related to their narrow focus on the parents. They stated that in some families that there is cycles of abuse that is started and is carried over generations. These patterns are limited by asking only about the isolated set of personal characteristics that might cause parents to abuse their children. The panel attempted to examine the roots of child abuse, in order to find effective ways in preventing it. The panel developed an ecological model; this model considers the origin of all forms of child abuse to be a structured process This ecological model views child abuse within a system of danger and preventive factors correlating across four different levels: (1) the person, (2) the family, (3) the neighborhood and (4) the community. Certain factors are more closely linked with some forms of abuse than others are. Many people have argued that our society does not really value its children. This argument can be highlighted by the fact that one in four children in the United States lives in poverty and many children do not have any form of health insurance. The presence of high levels of violence in our society is also thought to contribute to child abuse. Poverty, is the most repeatedly and persistently noted risk factor for child abuse in the American society. Physical abuse and neglect are more prevalent amid the people who are the poorest. Whether or not the pressure of poverty-related conditions brings this on. Or as a result from greater observation by public agencies, resulting in over reporting is debated. Other conditions include unreachable and unaffordable health care, broken social services and lack of help from extended families and communities. Parents who were abused, as children are more likely than other parents to abuse their own children are. Lack of parenting skills, impractical expectations about a child’s abilities, unawareness of ways to handle a child’s behavior and of typical child development, will contribute to child abuse. It is believed that forty percent of established cases of child abuse are related to substance abuse. Other factors that increase the risk of child abuse include emotional immaturity of the parents. Which is often largely applied to age, as in the case of teenage parents. Without proper support with their child they might with struggle poor coping skills, which is often related to age but also occurring in older parents. Also they might have a poor self-esteem; also other psychological problems experienced by the young parents. A common factor is that single parenthood along with many burdens and hardships of parenting that must be handled alone, if there is no help of a partner. In many cultures social isolation of the teenage parents from family and friends that can result in the lack of support. The United States Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect has called for a universal system of early intervention. That would be grounded in the creation of caring communities that could contribute an effective base for facing the child abuse crisis. The panel stated that the successful tactics for preventing child abuse require intervention at all levels of society. The panel was unable to agree of the final plans concerning which programs or services should be offered to prevent child abuse. This is because research on the prevention of child abuse is limited by the complexity of the problem. A broad range of programs has been developed and implemented by public and private agencies at many levels, little evidence supports the effectiveness of these programs. Principal prevention strategies are based on the risk factors that have a low value Which are not as likely to be effective as more broadly based social programs. Also, programs focused on a society level rather than on the individual level prevent the stigmatization of a group or an individual. Society strategies for preventing child abuse that are proposed but unproven include increasing the value society places on children. Enlarging the economic self-sufficiency of families, enhancing communities and their resources, discouraging excessive use of corporal punishment and other forms of violence. Making health care more accessible and affordable. Increasing and improving treatment for alcohol and drug abuse. Developing the identification and treatment of mental health problems, increasing the availability of affordable child care and preventing the births of unwanted children through sex education, family planning, abortion, anonymous delivery and adoption. It is important to create opportunities for parents to feel entitled to act on their own behalf. Honor the wholeness of the family. Strengthen parents’ ability to cultivate the faith in there development of their children and themselves. Create links with community support systems, a network of churches and other organizations. Provide a setting where parents and children can gather, interact, support, and learn from each other. Strengthen community awareness of the importance of healthy parenting practices. In the United States specific methods of delivering services to families include home visitations, early postpartum contact, intensive community leaders contact, parent training and free health care clinics. It is important that help be made possible to those parents that have been identified as people with drug problems. It is critical in treating parents who abuse alcohol or drugs. Also it is important to identify and counsel parents who suffer from spousal abuse. Identifying and dealing with parents with mental health problems is also important. Yet these might not always be the soul issues for abuse; other topics need attention include economic, job-related. Providing a sensitive ear also being a resource of referrals. That can help with these issues may take community leaders a giant step towards assisting a needy parent. Also other areas that can be addressed is the need for assistance in education about time management and budgeting skills, stress management, coping and parenting skills such as appropriate discipline. According to the American Humane Society: only home visitation has been found to be effective in reducing the incidence of child abuse. Home visitations are now being widely embraced the concept of home visitation as a method of preventing child abuse by identifying family needs and providing the appropriate services. Also home visitation has the benefits of improving parents’ feelings toward their children and the interactions between parents and children. The success of home visitation depends of the support of health care, social services and childcare. Some of the reasons for child abuse center on the needs of the parents. To prevent child abuse, it is important to first help and support the parents. Parents who have multiple emotional, medical, financial and social needs find it difficult to meet the needs of their children. It is critical that community leaders develop an understanding attitude toward parents to help the children. Prevention of child abuse and negligence can be achieved using tactics pointed at helping parents protect and nurture their children. Community leaders could establish group-parenting classes to discuss issues such as: safety issues, nutrition and feeding concerns, discipline and normal child development. Classes should be divided into two groups: one for the parents of infants and one for the parents of toddlers, since these two groups will require a different focus. Providing childcare during these classes may be necessary to ensure attendance It is also important to try to give very specific and concrete suggestions to parents instead of talking in broad generalities. Community leaders could suggest that parents use an egg timer to help children anticipate and be more compliant with bedtime or use time-out as an alternative to spanking a child for bad behavior. Parents should be reminded of and taught to distinguish between childish behavior and willful disobedience. To discipline only those actions that are in the child’s control according to the child age and development. In conclusion, many things need to happen at international, national, state and community levels to prevent child abuse. Studies have shown that countries with the most generous social services have the lowest rate of child homicide. People should lobby for greater availability of drug and alcohol treatment programs, more shelters for the homeless, more accessible mental health care and more shelters for abused women and children. These programs and those that provide parenting skills, support groups and respite care for parents and care givers should be available in every community. Child abuse is a complex problem with many causes, it is important that people not take a defeatist attitude toward its prevention. Despite the absence of strong evidence to guide preventive efforts, society can do things to try to prevent abuse. Showing increased concern for the parents or care givers and increasing attempts to enhance their skills as parents or care givers may help save the most vulnerable people, our children, from the nightmare of abuse and neglect. How to cite Child Abuse: The Hidden Tragedy, Essay examples

A Comparison of Early Civilizations Essay Example For Students

A Comparison of Early Civilizations Essay After reading the articles on early civilization, I’ve identified several similarities and differences about the people who were from these three cultures. The civilizations in the articles include, the people from Mesopotamia, the Quiche’ Indians, a tribe in early Meso-America, and â€Å"The book of Genesis† which offers a Christian or biblical explanation of how our own civilization originated. I will tell you about how they believed they came into existence and what they thought they should do to ensure their civilization continued. The three stories offered insight on how the different cultures lived by describing how they believed their civilization was created. Creation of ManAll three civilizations believed that the Earth, all the animals, and Man was created by one or several Gods. The Meso- Americans and Mesopotamiams believed in many Gods. On the other hand, the Christians believed that only one God created Man. The Meso-Americans believed that Tepeu, the â€Å"Creator’ and the Forefathers, a group of great sages and thinkers created their world and everything in it.In the article â€Å"Popul Vuh†, the Quiche’ Indians wrote about how the Creator and the Forefathers planned and created the † growth of the trees and thickets and the birth of life in the darkness, (The Popul Vuh, Chapter 1, Pg. 3). The Mesopotamians believed their world was created after the Gods sent Marduk, the Warrior God to defeat the oldest of the Gods, Tiamet, the patron of Primeval Chaos. Tiamet created terrible dragons, serpents, Hurricanes, tempests and just about anything she could in order to prevent the Gods from creating someone to worship them, (The Creation Epic, Tablet 1, pg. 7). Marduk was summoned to kill Tiamet, which he did and created Man out of his blood and bone, (The Creation Epic, Tablet VI, pg. 11). â€Å"The Book of Genesis† tells us how â€Å"God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and the cattle after their kind†, (The Book of Genesis, Chapter 1, pg. 13). It also tells how â€Å"God created Man in his own image†, (The Book of Genesis, Chapter 1, pg. 13). This explains that one God created the Earth, the animals, and finally, Man. The Christians and the Mesopotamian people believed that Man was created in their Gods’ own image, while The Meso-Americans believed that Man was created from their surrounding environment. The Meso-American society must have been more Paleolithic than the other two civilizations since they identified more with the land in which they lived in than the Mesopotamians or the Christians. A Belief in the Need to Worship Their GodsBy believing that their God or Gods had given them everything they had, all three civilizations saw that their Gods had their best interest, safety and security in mind. They believed that their Gods had great powers and controlled their World. Their belief that their God or Gods were so powerful gave them a way to explain their hardships and natural disasters. As long as the Gods were revered and worshipped by them, the people would prosper. The â€Å"Popul Vuh† article describes the Quiche’ Indians’ need to worship the Gods when it writes that since the animals could not say the Gods’ names and worship them, they were punished by being sacrificed and condemned to be killed and eaten, (The Popul Vuh, pg.5). â€Å"The Creation Epic† describes how Marduk kills Tiamet the Goddess of Chaos because she had planned evil against the Gods, Marduk’s fathers, (The Creation Epic, pg. 10). She represented evil and the Gods wanted Marduk to kill Tiamet and establish a place of worship, (The Creation Epic, Tablet IV, pg. 9). .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708 , .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708 .postImageUrl , .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708 , .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708:hover , .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708:visited , .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708:active { border:0!important; } .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708:active , .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708 .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9cf800b9aaca010120f0b42488f32708:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: overpopulation & the enviroment EssayFinally, the Christians write in â€Å"The Book of Genesis† that when the serpent told Eve that if she ate the forbidden fruit she would be â€Å"as Gods, knowing good and evil†, (The Book of Genesis, Chapter 3, pg. 15). God then punished Adam and Eve for eating the forbidden fruit by banishing them from the Garden of Eden, (The Book of Genesis, Chapter 3, pg. 15). This meant that the Christians felt the need to recognize and worship God in order for them to have everything that they needed to live safely and comfortably. If they went against God’s wishes there would be serious consequences. Their Way of Life and EnvironmentThe Quiche’ Indians lived in what must have been a beautiful coastal land, full of lush greenery, Cypress and Pine trees. There were also beautiful mountains, valleys, and rivers. Birds and deer abounded throughout this beautiful paradise. This is explained when the â€Å"The Popul Vuh† describes the creation of the Earth, (Popul Vuh, Chapter 1, pg. 4). The beautiful land with plenty of plant and wildlife indicates that these people were Paleolithic, hunting and gathering food, as they needed. On the other hand, † The Creation Epic† describes a very harsh â€Å"dry land†, (The Creation Epic, Tablet 1, pg. 7), full of conflict and war. There were natural disasters like hurricanes and tempests, (The Creation Epic, Tablet 1, pg. 8). Obviously, these people must have lived in an arid climate and were constantly in fear of invasion from other people. After reading the â€Å"The Creation epic† I believe that â€Å"the Goddess Tiamet represented Pre-civilized times. After Marduk defeated Tiamet, the world became civilized. The article mentions that Marduk â€Å"made stations for the great Gods â€Å", and that he â€Å"fixed the year and divided it into divisions†, (The Creations Epic, Tablet V, pg. 11). This means that he built temples for the Gods and devised a calendar. These accomplishments give evidence that they had a specialization of Labor and must have had class divisions because they had to have priests. They also were into monument b uilding. All of these are characteristics of a civilization. The Christians describe a beautiful Garden of Eden, with plenty of grasses, grains, and fruits to eat. It describes how God â€Å"gathered the water together unto one place to make room for dry land, â€Å"(The Book of Genesis, Chapter 1, pg. 12), which indicates that the Garden of Eden was located along a large body of water. There was plenty of animal life in this beautiful land. Whales, birds of all kinds, cattle and many other kinds of wildlife thrived on this land and the water surrounding it. After God banishes Adam and Eve form the Garden of Eden they live a nomadic life. Their ancestors continue this way of life until the great flood when everyone except for Noah and his family dies, (The Book of Genesis, Chapter 6, pg. 17). According to Christian belief, after the Great Flood, Noah’s family start what is now the beginning of the civilization in which we now live in, (Chapter 7, pg. 18). Religion or the worship of God or Gods has been used to explain the origin of civilizations throughout history. Other civilizations may vary a little on their explanation of how their own people originated, or how they should govern their lives in order to please their Gods and continue their existence. Wars have been started and entire civilizations have even been annihilated in order to ensure their beliefs are protected. This practice exists even today, and I suspect will continue throughout time.